in response to the draft uk fire safety regulations of upholstered products

today’s blog post is going into some fabric nitty gritty, but bear with me because it is an important topic. i wrote about it before - my early blog post on the uk fire safety regulations do get some reads from search results still. i wrote it in frustration with the regulations, and how they stifle product development of more sustainable fabrics for upholstery. even though i tested my jute for treatment to meet the stringent testing criteria, i did really become rather uneasy about the amount of chemicals needed, so i introduced 100% recycled linen in my range, as well as recycled cotton blends with over 75% cotton content in order to be able to at least supply upholstery fabrics as these can be used with a schedule 3 barrier cloth.

these stringent regulations have been in place since 1988 and just like to you, blog readers, elsewhere in the industry it became clear that these are dated and the benefits of flame resistant treatments are eclipsed by the harm they cause in creating toxic fumes and causing health problems. as this has been getting more widely accepted, pressure grew on the uk government to update the regulations which has now reached the stage of a new draft (embedded below) and unfortunately it does not seem to be fit for purpose - while the intention to reduce chemical use is clearly there, it would result in more usage, mainly due to the open flame test requirements.

the simplest solution to the chemical problem would be to drop the requirements for open flame testing, as it has been done in the EU and even the US. instead, the requirements focus on the transparency of materials, treatments of them and robust labelling requirements to list all chemicals used. that in itself is laudable, however the testing and record keeping of all the details throughout the entire supply chain would be put entirely onto the manufacturer of the upholstered product.

the proposed draft regulations published by the uk government in october 2023.

this would most certainly put a huge pressure on a lot of small businesses, disproportionately disadvantaging the re-upholstery industry, upcyclers and small upholsterers of individual products - while producers of large batches would of course find it easier to comply. somehow even more worryingly, anything re-upholstered should either have the 1988 or 1980 safety labels on them making any vintage or mid-century re-upholstered piece basically forced to be removed from the market. this goes against all sustainable principles and against the preservation of design values and ideas of durability.

more concerningly to us (and worse than in the current regulations), any scatter cushion over 45 x 45cm would now also count as an upholstered product, requiring the permanent label and applying the same rules onto them.

it is my view that these draft regulations are not fit to achieve their stated purpose. it would lead to increased use of chemicals, not less and would disproportionally hurt ecologically minded small businesses as well as the entire market of bespoke, individual furniture. it is, in my opinion, also harming consumer health and safety - robust labelling of course would be helpful to make a conscious choice, but while the requirements to pass an open flame test remain, it would be difficult to avoid these chemicals completely.

the government ran a consultation on the proposed legislation, i found out about it on the last day but i did have at least enough time to sign the eco-chair campaign - it’s a very useful site run by delyth upholstery, please sign up and read more in detail of the current problems as well as the potential pitfalls of the proposed regulations. although the consultation is closed now, you can still get in touch about this with your MP if you’re worried about the future of furniture and interior accessories in the UK.

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links:

smarter regulation: fire safety of domestic upholstered furniture (closed consultation, uk government)

furnitre and furnishings (fire) (safety) - draft regulations october 2023

the eco-chair campaign

do flame retardants increase the risk of thyroid dysregulation and cancer? (hoffman et al. 2017, curr opin oncol 29 (1) 7-13)

no smoke without fire and lower toxicity without chemicals? (8th september 2023 FIDRA website)

how the UK's fire safety regulations make it difficult to bring eco-conscious materials into your home

first things first, i have some excellent news to share. zitozza fabrics can now be treated to domestic & contract upholstery and curtain fire safety standards, meaning it can now be used as upholstery fabric (yes, the heavyweight jute has the rub count too for general upholstery use!)

this is fantastic news and watch this space because some new products are currently planned to launch next year - and in the meantime, please do enquire about any bespoke projects, we’re here and happy to help and print for you!

now, i’m going to write a little bit more about this though because it feels that the issue of fire safety regarding eco-conscious materials is not often discussed - it’s probably because it is not the most exciting of topics, nevertheless it is very important and people in our trade must be aware of all of it anyway.

it is important, because it is estimated that in the uk, 37000 house fires happen claiming 200 lives every year. textiles in the home no doubt play a huge role in how these fires spread and the UK has one of the strictest regulations in the world in place called the furniture and furnishings (fire) (safety) regulations 1988, to make sure that all parts of furniture, filling materials and covers too should be fire resistant for domestic environments as well as contract ones. there are different standards for different environments and materials, but the bottom line is, all cover fabric, even in domestic environments, must be cigarette and match resistant as well. these are uniquely strict regulations and testing regimes that the rest of the world does not match, perhaps for good reason - the problematic chemicals required to achieve fire proof status. watch this excellent newsnight report on the topic, aired in 2017, soon after the devastating grenfell tower tragedy.

The devastating Grenfell Tower fire has prompted a complete review of fire safety regulations in tall buildings. But how fire-safe is the furniture inside Br...

there are exceptions though in these regulations: for cover fabrics consisting of over 75% natural fibre, it is enough to pass the cigarette test only, if it is used with a fire resistant interliner cloth that passes a more comprehensive fire resistance test (schedule 3.) it is quite common for cotton and linen blends to be used like this, without excessive chemical treatments. the regulations specify what they mean by “over 75% natural fibre content” - that is cotton, flax, viscose, modal, silk, or wool. not a very comprehensive list, is it? and because other natural fibres such as jute and hemp are not specified, those of us working with these fibres must treat it further to pass the more stringent match test too. luckily, zitozza jutes can be treated for these standards. the treatment does not seem to damage the print or the fabric in any way, and we’re happy to supply it for you to even contract standards.

i am however quite disappointed that in the case of jute (and hemp - probably the two most sustainable fabrics in the world), chemical use is the only route to compliance. i don’t know whether the treatment itself can be made more environmentally friendly, but at the moment it certainly does not seem to be health friendly - many of the chemicals used for such treatments have been found to disrupt hormone function and increase cancer risk. while the EU are moving towards banning many of these chemicals, in the UK the presence of chemicals in the dust remains a huge concern (and a particular worry with jute because it’s such a fibrous material.) it is argued that due to the toxicity of the fumes, these chemicals on the fabrics can actually make house fires more dangerous - the very thing they are meant to improve.

of course, i’m aware that jute in particular in its natural state is flammable. it’s a dry, woody fibre and dundee was notorious for fires starting at the jute mills. it was worse in the past because of the batching oils, but the amount used by the industry today is a lot more reduced, and i’d like to think, or at least test it to confirm, whether its behaviour would be any different from flax or certain types of cotton. these are specified in the regulations as exempt from the match test (with a schedule 3 interliner) and it disappoints me that jute and hemp are not. this makes it difficult for such sustainable textiles to enter the UK market, at a time when there is a huge pressure to make the environmental switch.

currently these regulations are so strict that even floor cushions count as furniture, therefore, while small, decorative cushion covers don’t have to be treated, for cushions over 60 x 60 cm the cover fabric must also pass. personally, i think this is overkill and while i fully trust my supplier with the safety of this treatment, i’m still being cautious with this product range because i’m worried it reduces the eco-friendly nature of these products.

it’s been a tough situation for many businesses trying to promote eco-conscious design, although i’m aware that there is a lot of research into better, less toxic treatments and i have no doubt that things will improve. i just wish the pace of these changes to be in line with the urgency of the environmental situation.

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links:

FIRA flammability guides (UK domestic) (UK contract)

furniture and furnishings (fire safety) regulations 1988 (UK government)

testing & standards explained (maureen whitmore, interior designer)

house fire facts (first alert, smoke alarm company)

background briefing - flame retardants (breast cancer uk, charity)

the EU’s quest to ban toxic flame retardants (cool products, ngo)

the use of toxic flame retardants and their effects on health (question for written answer by MEPS to the european commission and their written answer)

britons and their unborn children at risk (the independent, newspaper)

why the uk fire regulations are killing eco-design (e-side, furniture business)